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Contribution of National Image, Business Climate, and Technology Transfer to FDI Among Sub-Saharan Africa Nations
(CARI Publishers, 2021-09-10) Yuwei Chen; Bitange Ndemo; Martin Ogutu; W. Iraki
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the contribution of National Image, Business Climate, and Technology Transfer to FDI among Sub-Saharan Africa nations. Methodology: This study was based on positivism approach and study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. The population of the study was all of SSA 46 countries and a census survey of all the countries in SSA was done hence no sampling was done. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study. A structured research questionnaire was used in collecting primary data. The questionnaire was administered to the Heads of Foreign Missions of each of the 46 SSA countries in Kenya. Secondary data was used for data on FDI obtained from the UNCTAD publications. Data was then analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Testing of hypothesis was done through Adjusted R2 F-ratio test (Analysis of Variance) and regression of the coefficient. Results: The study established the synergistic contributions of national image, business climate and technology transfer to FDI among Sub-Saharan Africa countries. Adjusted R square shows that the overall model explained 88.5% of changes in FDI. The overall model was also statistically significant (F= 95.709, p-value< .05). The influence of individual variables was statistically significant for business climate (B= 1.240, p-value< .05) and technology transfer (B= .540, p-value< .05) and not statistically significant for national image (B= .282, p-value> .05). Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The findings of this study support the need for Sub-Saharan Africa countries to create a national image individually as countries and as a block as this will go a long way in attracting FDI which will eventually translate to economic development. It is therefore prudent for countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to understand the national image dimensions in the regional context in order to carry out frequent analysis and develop strategic approaches relevant to their FDI competitiveness.
Seme Border Closure and Nigeria's Trading Partners in Africa
(CARI Publishers, 2021-11-21) Ekanem Asukwo
The purpose of this paper on "Seme Border Closure and Nigeria's Trading Partners in Africa" aimed at exploring the dynamics of the Nigeria's land borders closure with Benin Republic as it affected her trading partners in Africa. Methodology adopted was descriptive design that relied on judgmental sampling technique. Secondary data (books, journal articles, monographs, internet materials etc) were sourced in Nigerian libraries and subjected to content validity before analyzing it qualitatively. Result of the findings revealed that smuggling of rice and petroleum product, including insecurity are the major reasons Nigeria closed land border with her immediate neighbour, Benin Republic. The closure has led to an increase in revenue accrued to the federation account and increase local rice production and consumption. Regrettably, it fostered inflation in Nigeria, triggered hardship in Benin Republic and prompted retaliatory measure from Ghana. Most importantly, the land border closure negated the essence of Nigeria being a signatory to the Economic community of West African States as well as a signatory to African Continental Free Trade Area. These findings have contributed to the understanding and further explanation of the Theory of Mercantilism. Nigeria cannot survive in isolation; hence, the paper recommends domestic policy adjustment that focuses on interest free loan to local producers as well as establishment of Joint Border Guard with immediate neighbours. These measures would lead to growth and development not land border closure that isolates Nigeria from the comity of nations and further denies her the benefit of globalization.
Factors leading to increase in Imported Substandard Products on the Zambian Markets: A case of Zambia Bureau of Standards
(CARI Publishers, 2021-04-13) Mubita Alex; Chowa Taonaziso
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of substandard imported products on the Zambian markets and also to find solutions in order to eradicate causes of these products from the country. Methodology: The study collected primary data using questionnaires to 43 experts at Zambia Bureau of Standards and Zambia Compulsory Standards Agency responsible for quality assurance of imported products into the country. The study also collected data from 150 consumers of imported products around the city of Lusaka using questionnaires. Experts at ZABS were all selected for the study while the consumers of imported products were sampled purposively. Since the target population was known, the study used Glens and Israel (1992) table and at 95% confidence level with a margin of error of 10% in coming up with the sample size of 150. Data analysis involved descriptive statistical analysis, summarized and presented in tables showing frequencies and percentages using IBM statistical package for social science version 21 as an analytical tool. Correlation analysis was used to determine the nature of the relationship between variables. Findings: The study revealed that substandard imported products are rife on the Zambian markets and causes include lack of testing facilities at border towns, inadequate funding to agencies mandated to prevent entrance of substandard imported products and porous borders. The study further found that inadequate consumers' disposable incomes and insufficient consumers' awareness on quality were also some leading motivations behind consumers buying substandard imported products. The study did not only end at identifying the causes of substandard imported products but went further to identify strategies to this vice which included increasing consumers sensitization programs on quality, increasing testing facilities at border towns, setting up stronger border protection and testing imported products from their countries of origin. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study concludes that combating substandard imported products will increase operations of local industries and with this increased operation of local industries, the level of unemployment in the country will reduce and this will in turn result into increased revenue for the government from this increased tax base. Furthermore, the study concludes that the country will have a productive population because people will be consuming quality products unlike these harmful to human health substandard products which are not regulated by any international approved standards when being produced. In view of the above, the study recommends stiffer legal framework on importers of substandard imported products, increased testing facilities at Zambia Bureau of Standards and increased funding to Zambia Bureau of Standards for operational efficiency as some of the measures to be implemented to curb the vice of substandard imported products on the Zambian markets.
Potential and Constraints of Public Debt as a Tool for Economic Growth
(CARI Publishers, 2021-04-13) Carolyne Monga're; Samuel Nyandemo
Purpose: The study sought to determine the potential and constraints of public debt as a tool for economic growth. Methodology: The study used secondary data for a time series of 1980 to 2012. Data used in this study is secondary and is extracted from the Government of Kenya Economic Surveys, Statistical Abstracts, World Development Indicators (WDI) of the World Bank and data from the public debt annual report of Kenya. Results: It was concluded that there was co integration among the long run variables. Results also indicated that in the long run, public domestic debt has a positive and significant relationship with GDP growth rate. Unique contribution to theory: The study recommends that government should borrow sustainably.It is also recommended that domestic debt should be kept to a manageable level.It is recommended that labour quality be improved through training and education as doing so would improve the GDP growth rate. Keywords: public debt ,economic growth, policy recommendations, research findings
An Empirical Investigation on Exchange Rate Volatility and Maternal Mortality: A Simultaneous Model Approach Focusing on Nigeria
(2021-04-13) Dubem Enaruna; Anthony Okene
Purpose: The issue of exchange rate volatility and maternal mortality rate has rarely been considered in a single study by research scholars and economists over the years as very few, if any empirical studies have been carried out to explain the relationship between these two variables. Consequently, this study used an empirical examination to ascertain if there exists a relationship between exchange rate volatility and maternal mortality rate. Findings: The results indicated that exchange rate and maternal mortality rate both have negative impacts on each other which is statistically significant. Also, the female education enrolment reduces maternal mortality rate while the recurrent health expenditure causes it to rise, albeit not statistically significant. Contributions to theory, policy and practice: The study, therefore, recommends that the foreign exchange control policies must prioritize both foreign sector and domestic balance of the economy. The government should also focus on capital health expenditure as well as encouraging policies that will encourage female education enrolment in Nigeria.
An Empirical Investigation into the Benefits of Regional Integration from COMESA for Zambia
(CARI Publishers, 2021-04-13) Habeenzu Jambo; Fabien Sundjo
Purpose: The world at large in the last three to four decades has shown greater impetus for regionalism, from Europe's EU, South America's MERCOSUR, Southeast Asia's ASEAN, North America's NAFTA and Africa's numerous RECs among which eight are recognized as building blocks for the now AfCFTA among others. While for other parts of the world, the driving force to regionalism may be different, for Africa, Pan Africanism and African Renaissance have been the push forces behind regionalism. This study therefore took interest to look at the benefits of belonging to a REC, with the ultimate objective of empirically investigating the benefits of COMESA's integration for Zambia's growth for the period 1975-2017. Methodology: Using a variable that represented the presence of integration and time series data, the ordinary least squares (OLS) technique was estimated to establish significance and relevance of integration on growth. Findings: The findings among others revealed that the variable representing integration had no significant effect on long-run GDP growth, FDI and trade. However, it did have a significant effect on investment. On the other hand, the findings of the analysis of COMESA programmes being implemented in Zambia revealed that Zambia largely benefits from COMESA, citing among others the infrastructure development of four of the five border posts shared by Zambia and its neighbours. Contributions to theory, policy and practice: The study recommends that Zambia and indeed all COMESA Member States refrain from the use of Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs). Additionally, Safeguard Measures must be sought for countries seeking to protect their infant domestic industries and adherence to the NTBs and TBTs resolution framework under COMESA. These if unchecked have a potential of undermining the benefits Member States can obtain from COMESA integration.
Impact of Petroleum Consumption on Economic Growth in Kenya
(CARI Publishers, 2021-04-13) Eunice Wambui; Omondi Gor; P. Machyo
Purpose: The main objective of the study was to find the relationship between petroleum consumption and economic growth in Kenya. Methodology: A modified Cobb-Douglas production function was used to analyse the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. In this study, secondary annual time series data covering the period 1980-2009 was used. All variables were expressed in natural logarithms. The data on GDP, population, labor force and private capital and petroleum consumption were collected from the various issues of the annual Kenya Economic surveys and statistical abstracts (1980-2008). Relevant data on petroleum consumption was also obtained from the ministry of Energy. Results: The estimation results of the long-run relationship revealed that the relationship between petroleum consumption and GDP, and private capital and GDP was positive and statistically significant. Estimation of Error-correction model showed that in short run there was a positive and statistically insignificant relationship between GDP and lagged petroleum consumption. Finally, Granger causality tests imply a unidirectional Granger causality running from petroleum consumption to GDP. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Given the long-term positive effects on the economy, the study recommended that an energy growth policy in the petroleum consumption should be adopted in such a way that it stimulates growth in the economy. To encourage petroleum consumption, both supply side and demand side dynamics should be addressed. For instance, the domestic price of petroleum should be reduced to a level that stimulates both household and industry demand. Structural problems such as the lack of proper storage facility that could stabilize prices during petroleum stocks were indeed necessary
Junior High School Teachers and Students' Attitude toward Teaching and Learning Mathematics through Problem Solving: A Case Study from Mampong Municipality
(AJPO, 2022-08-24) Ebenezer Birch Twumasi; Joyce Asante Afful
Purpose: Effectiveness of education depends on factors which include teachers' instructional role associated with students' learning outcomes. Teachers' attitude is an enduring system of their beliefs, feelings and actions which invariably influence students' achievement in mathematics learning. This study sought to investigate into Junior High School (JHS) mathematics teachers and students' attitudes toward teaching and learning mathematics through problem-solving instructional strategy. Methodology: A cross - sectional exploratory survey design was employed to obtain a snapshot of what pertained in the classrooms of the selected Junior High Schools. Questionnaires for measuring teachers and students' attitude were pilot tested to ensure scale reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the data analysis. Spearman' rank correlation was calculated to establish the nature of relationship between teachers and students' attitude, at a fixed significance level of 0.05. Findings: It was revealed that there existed positive but weak relationship between teachers and students' attitudes toward teaching and learning mathematics through problem solving. Findings from this study were not quite different from the studies reviewed in the literature that showed that teachers' attitude influence their choice of teaching strategy and the quality of teaching students receive. Format for conducting external examination, time available for teaching topics in the syllabus, and students' entry behaviour were found to be determining factors for teachers' choice of instructional strategy. It can be inferred that though students considered problem solving instructional approach as challenging, but they do not despise its use in mathematics learning. Recommendations: From this study, subject-based workshops or professional development sessions must be organized by District Education Office at the beginning of every term for the JHS mathematics teachers. Students must equally be encouraged by teachers through specific assignments that involve the use of problem-solving strategies. workshops, District Education Office should provide mathematics teachers with materials that will enable them to model mathematical concepts in classroom.
Examining the Successes of Universal Primary Education and Universal Secondary Education Policies in Uganda
(AJPO, 2022-08-19) Roberts Wandera Otyola; Proscovia Nalwadda; Godfrey Wamani Bagamba; John Bukenya; Edward Kamaga; Susan Bantebya
Purpose: The mission statement of the Ministry of Education and Sports (MoES) in Uganda is to provide for, support, guide and co-ordinate, regulate, and promote quality education and sports to all persons in Uganda for national integration, individual and national development. It is in these lenses that the Ugandan government adopted the UPE and USE programs to educate her children. Methodology: This paper uses document review methodology to assess successes achieved by both the Universal Primary Education and Universal Secondary Education programs adopted by the Uganda government in 1997 and 2006 respectively. Findings: Assessment results show that both programs have had a positive impact on access and equity of previously vulnerable children who could not afford self-educational sponsorship. However, the issue of quality education provision is yet to be achieved. Recommendations: The study therefore recommends further research into examination of the relationship between UPE pupils' low performance levels in literacy and numeracy and their somewhat good performance at Primary Leaving Examinations. All stakeholders should desist from politicizing educational issues and instead concentrate on formulating evidence-based policies based on developmental needs for joint ownership and implementation of the respective Free Education Policies.
The Effect of Marital Problems on the Education of Children with Special Needs in Buea Municipality
(AJPO, 2022-08-17) Ambei Ruhama Faizefu
Purpose: The study investigates the effect of marital problems on Children's education in the Buea Municipality. Specific objectives of the study included; to examine the effects of lack of communication on children education, to investigate the effect of lack of finance on Children education, to examine the impact of marital violence on children education. Methodology: The study was guided by socio-cultural theory by Lev Vygostsky, Ecological theory and Paige's cognitive development theory. The study adopted the survey research design .Precisely the cross- sectional survey design was used to gather data from various segments of the population using a questionnaire. Findings: The findings revealed problem facing children from unstable homes which affects them academically. It further reports that children from marital problem homes perform poorly in school as compared to those with stable marital homes. Recommendations: The study recommend that the government should establish workshop and seminars to inculcate knowledge on the importance of parents living in harmony to enhance children well-being and education in Cameroon. Teachers should also have the zeal of empathy to students that is they should go close to students to find out their difficulties.

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