Effects of Ocean Acidification on Marine Invertebrate Shell Strength in Kenya

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the effects of ocean acidification on marine invertebrate shell strength in Kenya. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study found that as oceans absorb increased amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, the water becomes more acidic, reducing the availability of carbonate ions that are essential for shell formation. Many marine invertebrates, such as mollusks, corals, and certain species of plankton, rely on these ions to build and maintain strong, calcified shells and skeletons. Research shows that under more acidic conditions, shells become thinner, weaker, and more prone to breakage, which increases vulnerability to predation and environmental stress. These changes not only affect individual species' survival but also have broader ecological implications, as weakened shells can disrupt food webs and marine biodiversity. The reduced strength of shells, particularly in economically significant species like oysters, also poses challenges for fisheries and aquaculture industries. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Environmental stress theory, calcification theory and adaptation and resilience theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the effects of ocean acidification on marine invertebrate shell strength in Kenya. In aquaculture, selective breeding programs should prioritize the cultivation of acidification-resistant strains of marine invertebrates, such as mussels and oysters. Policymakers need to integrate ocean acidification mitigation into broader climate change policies, such as reducing CO2 emissions and implementing coastal management strategies that protect marine habitats.