Pesticide Residues in Nigerian Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Implications for Food Safety and Export Compliance

Abstract

Purpose: This study investigates pesticide residues in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) from key producing states across Nigeria, with the aim of enhancing phytosanitary capacity, ensuring consumer safety, and supporting compliance with export regulations. Methodology: Dried cowpea samples were collected from major markets and production areas in six Nigerian states and the Federal Capital Territory. Residue analysis was carried out using Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to quantify levels of five commonly used pesticides: cypermethrin, dichlorvos, dimethoate, trichlorfon, and chlorpyrifos Findings: All pesticide residues detected were below the European Union Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). These results reflect compliance with international food safety standards and suggest that pest management practices in the surveyed regions were effective. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study demonstrates the value of systematic pesticide residue monitoring as a tool for evidence-based phytosanitary policy. It emphasizes the urgent need for expanded nationwide residue surveillance and proposes the development of a centralized Cowpea Database integrating production, residue, and trade data. Such an approach would strengthen Nigeria’s export credibility, improve consumer protection, and provide a model for residue governance in other staple crops.